Social Science (213) | Set A1 • Code 71/S/213/A1

Meiji Restoration 1868: Overthrow of Tokugawa Shogunate, restoration of Emperor Meiji (Mutsuhito) to real power, capital moved to Tokyo.

• Significance 1 - Modernization: Ended feudalism, rapid industrialization, adoption of Western technology, education, military, constitution (1889). Japan became modern nation-state in 50 years, avoided colonization.
• Significance 2 - Imperial Power: Japan emerged as imperial power, defeated Russia 1905, colonized Korea, Taiwan. Became first Asian power to industrialize, model for other Asian nations, but later turned aggressive militaristic leading to WWII.

Indigo Farmers Discontent:

1. Exploitative System (Tinkathia): Farmers forced to grow indigo on 3/20th of land, given low advance, forced to sell at low fixed price, not profitable, couldn't grow food crops. Led to Champaran Satyagraha 1917.
2. Physical Coercion & Low Price: Planters used private army, courts to force contract, farmers in debt trap, crop ruined soil fertility. Price offered was very low compared to market.

OR Wahabi Movement:

Leader: Syed Ahmed Barelvi (Syed Ahmed of Rae Bareli) in India, inspired by Abdul Wahab of Arabia. In Bengal, Titu Mir (Mir Nisar Ali) led.

Significance: Religious reform movement among Muslims to purify Islam, remove un-Islamic practices, return to Quran. Politically anti-British, declared India Dar-ul-Harb (land of infidels) and called for jihad against British and Sikhs. Early anti-colonial resistance, inspired later movements, showed communal consciousness and peasant grievances, though failed militarily in 1831 at Balakot.

RTE in Fundamental Rights: Added by 86th Constitutional Amendment 2002, inserted Article 21A - State shall provide free and compulsory education to all children of age 6 to 14 years as Fundamental Right.

Why: To make education enforceable right, ensure universal elementary education, eradicate illiteracy, achieve equality, because education is essential for development of personality and democracy. Earlier it was in DPSP Art 45.

OR RTE Act: Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act passed in 2009, came into force 1 April 2010.

Aims: Free and compulsory education for 6-14 age, no child detained or expelled, 25% reservation for disadvantaged in private schools, infrastructure norms (teacher-pupil ratio, toilets), trained teachers, prohibits corporal punishment, aims to achieve universal education, reduce dropout, ensure quality.

Why party aims for power: Political party is organized group seeking to capture power to implement its ideology, policies, programmes. Power needed to make laws, control government, allocate resources, fulfill promises to voters. Without power cannot bring change. Seeks power through elections to translate its vision for development, social justice into reality, serve people as per its manifesto.

OR Multi-party System: India called multi-party system because many parties exist and compete - national parties (BJP, Congress, AAP), regional (DMK, TMC, SP), unrecognized many. Due to vast diversity - caste, religion, language, region - many interests. Election Commission recognizes 6 national, 50+ state parties, 2500+ registered. Allows coalition governments. Unlike two-party (USA) or one-party (China), India allows multiple ideologies, representation of diverse groups, essential for plural democracy.

Untouchability is inhuman caste discrimination - denial of entry to temples, wells, schools, based on birth. Made punishable because:

• Violates equality (Art 14), dignity, Fundamental Rights. Art 17 abolishes untouchability.
• Against democratic ideals of liberty, equality, fraternity, justice.
• To ensure social justice for SCs who suffered historically.
• Protection of Civil Rights Act 1955 (earlier Untouchability Offences Act) and SC/ST Atrocities Act 1989 make it punishable with imprisonment and fine, to deter practice and uplift Dalits.

Established: 12 October 1993 under Protection of Human Rights Act 1993, as per Paris Principles of UN.

Why set up: To protect and promote human rights - life, liberty, equality, dignity. Reasons: increasing custodial deaths, police atrocities, violations by state and non-state, need for independent body to inquire into violations, recommend relief, promote awareness, intervene in courts. Chairperson is former CJI, members include former judges, human rights experts. It can investigate violations by public servants, recommend compensation.

Renaissance literal meaning: French word meaning Rebirth - rebirth of classical Greek and Roman art, literature, knowledge, humanism after dark medieval ages.

Why began in Italy 14th century:

• Wealth & Trade: Italian city-states like Venice, Florence, Genoa were wealthy due to Mediterranean trade with East, patronized artists (Medici family).
• Classical Heritage: Italy was centre of Roman Empire, ruins, manuscripts preserved, scholars from Constantinople came to Italy after 1453 fall with Greek manuscripts.
• Urban Centres: Towns, universities, printing press, relatively free from feudalism, encouraged curiosity, humanism.
• Fall of Constantinople 1453 pushed Greek scholars to Italy.

OR Counter Reformation: Catholic Church's own reform movement from 1540s to counter Protestant Reformation and reform itself.

• Council of Trent 1545-63 reformed church, removed corruption, defined doctrines, set up seminaries.
• New religious orders - Jesuits founded by Ignatius Loyola 1540 played key role in education and missionary work.
• Inquisition to check heresy, Index of banned books.
• Result: Catholic Church regained some areas, stopped spread of Protestantism in Southern Europe, improved moral standards.

• Political Power: Used Divide and Rule, annexation via Doctrine of Lapse, Subsidiary Alliance, partition of Bengal 1905, strengthened army, police, bureaucracy (ICS), created loyal zamindars, princely states support.
• Trade Policies: Deindustrialization - destroyed Indian handicrafts by high tariffs on Indian goods in England but free import of British machine goods, raw material export (cotton, indigo) and finished goods import, drain of wealth, railways to exploit resources, discriminatory tariffs, exploitation of farmers via Permanent Settlement, Mahalwari, Ryotwari high revenue.
• Education: Introduced English education (Macaulay 1835) to create class of clerks, interpreters loyal to British (brown sahib), western ideas but also intended to justify British superiority. Though it unintentionally created nationalist consciousness among educated Indians who learned liberty, equality.

Combined, these made India economic colony and political dependency.

Indian monsoon is unique because it is most dominant, seasonal reversing wind system, affects 1.4 billion people.

Three features:

1. Seasonal Reversal: Complete reversal of winds - SW monsoon in summer (June-Sept) from sea to land, NE monsoon in winter (Dec-Feb) from land to sea.
2. Pulsating & Uncertain: Not continuous rain - wet spells (active) and dry spells (break), highly variable, causes floods/droughts, 75% annual rain in 4 months.
3. Orographic & Regional Variation: Rainfall distribution highly uneven - Cherrapunji/Mawsynram >1200 cm, Western Rajasthan <10 cm, affected by Himalayas and Western Ghats causing orographic rain, onset with burst of monsoon.

Also monsoon is lifeline of Indian agriculture, unifying bond across country.

Tamil Nadu winter rain: While most of India dry in winter due to NE dry winds, Tamil Nadu coast gets rain in Oct-Dec.

Reasons:

1. Retreating Monsoon / NE Monsoon: In Oct-Nov, monsoon retreats, winds reverse from land to sea, but when they cross Bay of Bengal they pick moisture and give rain to Coromandel coast (Tamil Nadu). So NE monsoon brings rain to Tamil Nadu.
2. Cyclonic Activity & Topography: Low pressure depressions and cyclones formed over Bay of Bengal in Oct-Nov move westwards towards Tamil Nadu coast, cause heavy rain. Eastern Ghats are not very high, so not blocking.

OR Wind system influence:

• Summer: SW Monsoon - moist winds from Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal bring heavy rain to most of India, temp lowers, humidity high.
• Winter: NE dry cold winds from Himalaya, clear sky, low temp, no rain except Tamil Nadu.
• Season of Retreating: Winds retreat, temp falls, October heat. Western disturbances from Mediterranean bring winter rain/snow to NW India (Punjab) crucial for Rabi crops.
• Thus wind system causes 3 distinct seasons.

Growth vs Development:

OR Regional Disparities:

• Historical: British invested in port cities - Mumbai, Kolkata, Chennai - leading to early industrialization there, while interior remained backward, princely states neglected.
• Geographical: Fertile plains of Punjab, Haryana have high productivity; arid Rajasthan, hilly NE, tribal central India, flood-prone Bihar face constraints. Coastal areas benefit from trade.
• Lack of Infrastructure: Backward regions lack roads, railways, power, irrigation, schools, hospitals, banks, markets - e.g., Bundelkhand, KBK districts of Odisha, leading to low investment, poverty trap, migration. Green Revolution benefited only irrigated NW.

Peace = absence of war/violence, security = freedom from threats, protecting core values.

Two reasons essential:

1. For Individual: Peace and security allow individuals to live with dignity, pursue education, livelihood, creativity. Without peace, fear, displacement, violation of human rights (right to life). Example: war-torn children cannot go to school. Security ensures food, health, personal safety, enabling human development and happiness.
2. For Nation & World: Nations cannot develop economically without peace - investment, trade, infrastructure destroyed in conflict. Peace enables cooperation, sustainable development goals, poverty eradication, protection of environment. For world, peace prevents nuclear war, terrorism, ensures international law, UN can function. Without global peace, resources wasted on arms race instead of welfare. Peace and security are prerequisite for progress, justice, and harmony.

Identification:

• (A) Major port on eastern coast: Chennai Port / Kolkata (Haldia) / Visakhapatnam / Paradip / Tuticorin - Most commonly asked: Chennai (Tamil Nadu) or Kolkata Port (West Bengal) or Visakhapatnam (Andhra Pradesh). As per map showing Point A in SE coast, answer is Chennai Port / Tuticorin / Paradip. For exam: Eastern coast major ports are Kolkata-Haldia (West Bengal), Paradip (Odisha), Visakhapatnam (AP), Chennai and Ennore (TN), Tuticorin (TN).
• (B) Northern most International Airport: Kushok Bakula Rimpochee Airport, Leh (Ladakh) - also considered Srinagar International Airport (Sheikh-ul-Alam) is northernmost international handling civilian flights. For NIOS, answer is Srinagar / Leh Airport located in J&K/Ladakh region as marked at Point B.
• (C) Western terminal of East-West Corridor: Porbandar (Gujarat) - East-West Corridor connects Porbandar (Gujarat) in west to Silchar (Assam) in east, length 3300 km, part of NHDP.
• (D) City where North-South and East-West corridor intersect: Jhansi (Uttar Pradesh) - North-South Corridor is Srinagar (J&K) to Kanyakumari (TN), East-West is Porbandar to Silchar. They intersect at Jhansi (UP). Some textbooks also say Nagpur? Actually official crossing is Jhansi.

For Visually Impaired alternative: (A) Chennai / Visakhapatnam / Paradip / Kolkata, (B) Leh / Srinagar International Airport, (C) Eastern terminal = Silchar (Assam), (D) Jhansi.

Tip: Draw map with markings: Eastern port on east coast, B at top north, C at Porbandar west Gujarat, D at Jhansi central India.

Map Marking Answers:

• (A) Shimla: Capital of Himachal Pradesh, tourist place in Middle Himalaya (Himachal range), located at ~31°N, 77°E, in NW Himalaya, popular hill station, former British summer capital.
• (B) Port in West Bengal: Kolkata Port (Syama Prasad Mookerjee Port) / Haldia Port - Kolkata is riverine port on Hooghly river, Haldia is deep water port at confluence of Haldi river and Bay of Bengal. Mark on SE West Bengal coast.
• (C) Kempe Gowda International Airport: Located at Devenahalli, Bengaluru, Karnataka - named after founder of Bengaluru, major international airport in South India, handles IT city traffic.
• (D) Gir Range: Located in Junagadh, Gir Somnath districts of Gujarat, Kathiawar peninsula - low hills, habitat of Asiatic Lion, Gir National Park. Mark in western Gujarat.

OR Visually Impaired - Geographical Location of India:

• Latitudinal & Longitudinal: 8°4'N to 37°6'N latitude, 68°7'E to 97°25'E longitude, located in Northern and Eastern Hemisphere, in South Asia.
• Water bodies: Bounded by Arabian Sea in west, Bay of Bengal in east, Indian Ocean in south, gives long coastline 7517 km, strategic maritime location, central to Indian Ocean trade route.
• Neighbouring countries: Pakistan and Afghanistan in NW, China, Nepal, Bhutan in north, Myanmar and Bangladesh in east, Sri Lanka in SE separated by Palk Strait, Maldives in SW. Shares land borders with 7 countries.
• Southernmost points: Mainland southernmost is Kanyakumari (Cape Comorin) 8°4'N in Tamil Nadu, confluence of Arabian Sea, Bay of Bengal, Indian Ocean. Southernmost of Indian territory is Indira Point (Pygmalion Point) in Great Nicobar Island at 6°4'N, was submerged in 2004 tsunami.
• Size: 3.28 million sq km, 7th largest, 2nd populous, 3200 km north-south and east-west extent.

Why Curzon partitioned Bengal 1905:

• Official Reason: Administrative efficiency - Bengal was huge province (Bengal, Bihar, Odisha, Assam) with 78 million population, difficult to administer. Curzon said partition for better governance.
• Real Motive - Divide and Rule: To weaken nationalist movement, which was strong in Bengal. To create Hindu-Muslim divide - East Bengal with Muslim majority (Dhaka) and West Bengal with Hindu majority. To break unity of Bengali intellectuals, destroy growing nationalism. Curzon wanted to curb Congress.

How Indians responded:

• Swadeshi and Boycott Movement: Massive protests, meetings, petitions, 16 Oct 1905 observed as Rakhi Day by Tagore, Bande Mataram became slogan. People boycotted British goods, promoted Swadeshi - Indian textiles, schools, industries. Students, women participated.
• Revolutionary activities: Anushilan Samiti, Jugantar, extremist methods emerged, nationalist newspapers, public bonfire of foreign clothes.

Spirit of nationalism: Reaction shows emergence of assertive nationalism, mass participation beyond elite moderates, economic nationalism, cultural pride, unity across religion initially, self-reliance, self-respect, willingness to sacrifice, idea of Swaraj taking root. It was turning point - from moderate to extremist, from elite to mass.

OR Rise of Radical Nationalists (Extremists) - Turning Point:

Radical nationalists (Lal-Bal-Pal - Lala Lajpat Rai, Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Bipin Chandra Pal) rose around 1905-07 due to failure of moderates to get concessions.

• Beliefs: Faith in mass action, not petitions; Swaraj is birthright; self-reliance, Swadeshi, Boycott, National Education; pride in Indian culture, belief in direct action, sacrifice.
• Methods: Boycott of British goods, courts, schools; Swadeshi - promote Indian goods, passive resistance, non-cooperation, mass mobilization, strikes, use of festivals (Ganapati, Shivaji) for political awakening. Unlike moderates who used prayers, petitions, they used aggressive methods, leading to Surat Split 1907.
• Turning point because: Transformed Congress from elite club to mass movement, introduced new techniques later adopted by Gandhiji, inspired youth, expanded social base, led to first mass movement (Swadeshi).

Six Legislative Powers of President (Article 79-123):

1. Summons and Prorogues Parliament: President summons each House, can prorogue, dissolve Lok Sabha. Must summon at least twice a year, gap not more than 6 months.
2. Addresses Parliament: Gives opening address at first session after each general election and at beginning of first session each year, lays down government policy.
3. Sends Messages: Can send messages to either House on pending bills or otherwise.
4. Nominates Members: Nominates 12 members to Rajya Sabha from literature, science, art, social service, and 2 Anglo-Indian to Lok Sabha (now abolished by 104th Amendment).
5. Assent to Bills: Every bill passed by Parliament needs President's assent to become law. Can give assent, withhold, or return for reconsideration (except money bill). Can give assent to state bills reserved by Governor.
6. Ordinance Power (Art 123): When Parliament not in session, President can promulgate ordinance having force of law, must be placed before Parliament within 6 weeks of reassembly.
7. Other: Lays reports of CAG, Finance Commission, UPSC before Parliament, prior recommendation needed for money bills, formation of new states bill needs President's recommendation.

OR Electoral College and Qualifications:

Electoral College Meaning: Body of electors who elect President. As per Article 54, consists of (a) Elected members of both Houses of Parliament (MPs), (b) Elected members of Legislative Assemblies of States and UTs of Delhi and Puducherry. Nominated members, MLCs, and members of Legislative Council do NOT vote. Voting by proportional representation with single transferable vote and secret ballot. Value of MLA vote varies by state population. Ensures uniformity and parity between Centre and States.

Qualifications for President (Art 58):

1. Citizen of India.
2. Completed 35 years of age.
3. Qualified to be elected as member of Lok Sabha (not disqualified).
4. Should not hold office of profit under Central/State govt or local authority (except President, Vice-President, Governor, Minister allowed).
5. Should not be member of Parliament or State Legislature - if elected, deemed to have vacated seat.

Also needs 50 proposers and 50 seconders and security deposit, should not be insolvent, of sound mind.